منشا گازهای هیدروکربوری گل¬فشان¬های خشکی سواحل مکران ایران
محورهای موضوعی : ژئوشیمی
مهین فرهادیان بابادی
1
(دانشگاه خوارزمی)
بهزاد مهرابی
2
(دانشگاه خوارزمی)
آدریانو مازینی
3
(دانشگاه نروژ)
الینا پلودتکینا
4
(دانشگاه ایالتی مسکو)
عطا شاکری
5
(دانشگاه خوارزمی)
کلید واژه: گل¬, فشان ترکیب شیمیایی گاز ایزوتوپ کربن و هیدروژن منشا گازها منشورهای برافزایشی مکران ایران بربروک عین سندمیرسوبان,
چکیده مقاله :
گل فشان ها، ساختارهای زمین شناسی ناشی از خروج گاز، گلآب و خرده های سنگی با ابعاد مختلف در مناطق خشکی و ساحلی با مرفولوژی های متفاوت و نشانگر حرکت پوسته ای و فعالیت تکتونیکی امروزی هستند. گل فشان های زیادی در منشورهای برافزایشی مکران ایران و پاکستان گزارش شده است که به دلیل برخورد صفحات هند و اوراسیا تشکیل می شوند. در این مطالعه، منشا گازهای هیدروکربوری گسیل شده از سه گل فشان فعال عین، بربروک و سندمیرسوبان در سواحل خشکی مکران ایران بررسی شده است. گازهای خارج شده از این گل فشان ها عمدتا متان با غلظت بین vol.% ۱۸/۹۹-۲۴/۹۷ و مقدار کمی اتان (vol.% ۲/۱-۰۴۸/۰)، پروپان (vol.% ۱۹۴/۰-۰۰۱/۰)، ان-بوتان (ppmvol.% ۲۲-)، ایزوبوتان(ppmvol.% ۳۶۳-۵)، ان-پنتان (ppmvol.% ۳۷)، ایزوپنتان (ppmvol.% ۶۶-۱)، هگزان (ppmvol.% ۷۸-۱) و دی اکسیدکربن (vol.% ۴/۰-۰۷/۰) هستند. مقادیر نسبت ایزوتوپی کربن و هیدروژن متان و دیگر گازهای هیدروکربوری نشاندهنده ی منشا ترموژنیک گازهای خروجی از گل فشان های مورد مطالعه است و شواهدی از عدم تجزیه زیستی را نشان می دهند. دی اکسیدکربن نیز با نسبت ایزوتوپی کربن ۱/۱۱- تا ‰ ۳/۱۴- دارای منشا آلی است. نتایج این مطالعه، حضور سیستم های هیدروکربوری و سنگ منشا فعال را در این ناحیه تکتونیکی فعال نشان می دهد. اگرچه حضور مخزن گازی در این منطقه بایستی توسط مطالعات ژئوفیزیکی، زمین شناسی و محیط های ساختاری تایید شود.
Mud volcanoes are geological structures formed as a result of gas emission, mud-fluid mixing and variably sized rock fragments in onshore and offshore settings. These structures are different morphologically which considered as significant marker of modern crustal movement and neotectonic activity. Occurrence of numerous mud volcanoes on the Makran accretionary prisms in Iran and Pakistan are reported which caused by the convergence of the Arabian and the Eurasian plates. In this study, origin of discharged hydrocarbon gases from three active onshore mud volcanoes; Ain, Borborok and Sand Mirsuban in Makran coasts of Iran were examined. The released gases of all these mud volcanoes are dominantly methane with concentration between 97.24-99.18 vol. % and minor amount of ethane (0.04-1.2 vol.%), propane (0.001-0.194 vol.%), n-butane (226 ppmvol.%), iso-butane (5-363 ppmvol.%), n-pentane (37ppmvol.%), iso-pentane (1-66 ppmvol.%), hexane (1-78 ppmvol.%) and CO2 (0.07-0.4 vol.%). Carbon and hydrogen isotope ratio of methane and its heavier derivatives indicate thermogenic source for emitted gases of all investigated mud volcanoes and evidences of the absence of biodegradation. CO2 with carbon isotope ratio of -11.1 to -14.3‰ is organic in origin. Our research suggests the presence of hydrocarbon system and active source rock in Makran active tectonic area. Although the occurrence of an exploitable gas reservoir in this area has to be confirmed by geophysical measurements, geological survey and structural settings.
]۱[ صاحب¬زاده، ب.، ده¬مرده، ر.، 1383، گل¬فشان چیست؟ (همراه با نگرشی بر گل¬فشان¬های ایران): مجله رشد آموزش زمین¬شناسی، شماره 38، صفحه 28-35.#
]۲[ عباس نژاد، الف.، نگارش، ح.، 138۹، میکرومورفولوژی روانه¬های گِلی گِل¬فشان ناپگ: فصلنامه جغرافیایی آمایش، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ملایر، سال دوم، شماره 7، صفحه 71- 86.#
]۳[ نژاد افضلي، ک.، لك، ر.، ثروتی، م.ر.، بیاتانی، ف.، 13۹۰، معرفی و بررسی سایت گل¬فشانی نژاد افضلی گل¬فشان¬های گتان شهرستان جاسک و اهمیت گردشگری آنها: فصلنامه علوم زمین، شماره ۸۲.، صفحه ۲۰۷-۲۱۴.#
]۴[ نگارش، ح.، فیضی، م.، طاهری، الف.، رحمانی، م.الف.، نگارش، ز.، 1390، ویژگی¬های ژئومورفولوژیکی گِل¬فشان عین (Ain) و تعیین ترکیب معدنی آب و گِل آن با استفاده از روش¬های فیزیکی و شیمیایی: مجله جغرافیا و برنامه¬ریزی دانشگاه تبریز، سال شانزدهم، شماره 37، صفحه 173-202.#
]۵[ نگارش، ح.، 1383، بررسی گِل¬فشان پيرگل واقع در شرق آتشفشان بزمان و ويژگی¬های آن: مجله جغرافيا و توسعه، دانشگاه سيستان و بلوچستان، شماره 4، صفحه 191-208.#
[6] ABRAMS, M.A., 2005, Significance of hydrocarbon seepage relative to petroleum generation and entrapment: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 22, 457-477#.
[7] ARTHURTON, R.S., FARAH, A., and AHMED, W., 1982, The Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic history of western Baluchistan Pakistan--the northern margin of the Makran subduction complex: In: LEGGETT, J.K. (ed.) Trench-Forearc Geology: Sedimentation and Tectonics of Modern and Ancient Plate Margins, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10, 373-385#.
[8] BERNARD, B.B., BROOKS, J.M., and SACKETT, W.M., 1978, Light hydrocarbons in recent Texas continental shelf and slope sediments: Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 4053-4061#.
[9] BERNARD, B.B., BROOKS, J.M., and Sackett, W.M., 1977, A geochemical model for characterization of hydrocarbon gas sources in marine sediments: Offshore Technology Conference OTC, 2934, 435–438#.
[10] BERNER, U., FABER, E., SCHEEDER, G., and PANTEN, D., 1995, Primary cracking of algal and landplant kerogens: kinetic models of isotope variations in methane, ethane, and propane: Chemical Geology, 126, 233–245#.
[11] BILHAM, R., LODI, S., HOUGH, S., BUKHARY, S., MURTAZA KHAN, A., and RAFEEQI, S.F.A., 2007, Seismic hazard in Karachi, Pakistan: uncertain past, uncertain future: Seismological Research Letters, 78(6), 601–613#.
[12] BROWN, K.M., 1990, The nature and hydrologic significance of mud diapirs and diatremes for accretionary systems: Journal of Geophysical Research, 95 (B6), 8969–8982#.
[13] CHUNG, H.M., GORMLY, J.R., and SQUIRES, R.M., 1988, Origin of gaseous hydrocarbons in subsurface environments: theoretical considerations of carbon isotope distribution, Chemical Geology, 71, 97-103#.
[14] CRITELLI, S., DE ROSA, R., and PLATT, J.P., 1990, Sandstone detrital modes in the Makran accretionary wedge, southwest Pakistan: implications for tectonic setting and long-distance turbidite transportation: Sedimentary Geology, 68, 241-260#.
[15] DAI, J.X., WU, X.Q., NI, Y.Y., WANG, Z.C., ZHAO, C.Y., WANG, Z.Y., and LIU, G.X., 2012, Geochemical characteristics of natural gas from mud volcanoes in the southern Junggar Basin: Science China Earth Sciences, 55, 355-367#.
[16] DELISLE, G., VON RAD, U., ANDRULEIT, H., VON DANIELS, C.H., TABREZ, A.R., and INAM, A., 2002, Active mud volcanoes on- and offshore eastern Makran, Pakistan: International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 93–110#.
[17] DES MARAIS, D.J., STALLARD, M.L., NEHRING, N.L., and TRUESDELL, A.H., 1988, Carbon isotope geochemistry of hydrocarbons in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Baja California Norte, Mexico: In: M. Schoell (Guest-Editor), Origins of Methane in the Earth, Chemical Geology, 71, 159-167#.
[18] DES MARAIS, D.J., DONCHIN, J.H., NEHRING, N.L., and TRUESDELL, A.H., 1981, Molecular carbon isotopic evidence of geothermal hydrocarbons, Nature, 292, 826-828#.
[19] DEVILLE, E., GUERLAIS, S.H., CALLEC, Y., GRIBOULARD, R., HUYGHE, P., LALLEMANT, S., MASCLE, A., NOBLE, M., and SCHMITZ, J., 2006, Liquefied vs stratified sediment mobilization processes: insight from the South of the Barbados accretionary prism: Tectonophysics, 428, 33-47#
[20] DIMITROV, L.I., 2002, Mud volcanoes: the most important pathway for degassing deeply buried sediments: Earth Science Reviews, 59, 49-76#.
[21] DOLATI, A., 2010, Stratigraphy, structural geology and low-temperature thermochronology across the Makran accretionary wedge in Iran, PhD Thesis, geological institute of Swiss Fedral institute of technology, 309#.
[22] ETIOPE, G., FEYZULLAYEV, A., and BACIU, C.L., 2009a, Terrestrial methane seeps and mud volcanoes: a global perspective of gas origin: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 333-344#
[23] ETIOPE, G., FEYZULLAYEV, A., MILKOV, A.V., WASEDA, A., MIZOBE, K., and SUN, C.H., 2009b, Evidence of subsurface anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons and potential secondary methanogenesis in terrestrial mud volcanoes: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1692-1703#.
[24] FOWLER, S.R., WHITE, R.S., and LOUDEN, K.E., 1985, Sediment dewatering in the Makran accretionary prism: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 75, 427–438#.
[25] GALIMOV, E.M., 1988, Sources and mechanisms of formation of gaseous hydrocarbons in sedimentary rocks: In: mM. Schoell (Guest-Editor), Origins of Methane in the Earth, Chemical Geology, 71, 77-95#.
[26] GULIEV, I.S., HUSEYNOV, D.A., and FEIZULLAEV, A.A., 2004, Fluids of Mud Volcanoes in the Southern Caspian Sedimentary Basin: Geochemistry and Sources in Light of New Data on the Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Isotopic Compositions: Geochemistry International, 42, 688–695#.
[27] HARMS, J.C., CAPPEL, H.N., and FRANCIS, D.C., 1984, The Makran coast of Pakistan: its stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential: In: Haq, B.U. and Milliman, J.D., (eds), Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arabian Sea and Coastal Pakistan, Van Nostrand Reinhold New York, 3–26#.
[28] HOSSEINI-BARZAI, M., and TALBOT, C.J., 2003, A tectonic pulse in the Makran accretionary prism recorded in Iranian coastal sediments: Journal Geology Society London, 160, 903-910#.
[29] HUNT, J.M., 1996, Petroleum geochemistry and geology: 2nd Edition: Freeman, W.H., San Francisco, California, 743# .
[30] Jenden, P.D., Kaplan, I.R., 1988, Origin of natural gas in the Sacramento Basin, American Association of Petroleum Geologist Bulletin, 72#
[31] JONES, V.T., and DROZD, R.J., 1983, Predictions of oil and gas potential by near-surface geochemistry: AAPG Bulletin, 67, 932-952#.
[32] JUDD, A., 2005, Gas emissions from mud volcanoes, Mud Volcanoes, Geodynamics and Seismicity, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Mud Volcanism, Geodynamics and Seismicity, Baku, Azerbaijan, 20-22, 147-157#.
[33] KASSI, A.M., KHAN, S.D., BAYRAKTAR, H., and KASI, A.K., 2013, Newly discovered mud volcanoes in the Coastal Belt of Makran, Pakistan—tectonic implications: Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 7, 4899–4909#.
[34] KOPF, A., 2002, Significance of mud volcanism: Reviews of Geophysics, 40(2), 2.1–2.52#.
[35] KOPF, A., Klaeschen, D., and Mascle, J., 2001, Extreme efficiency of mud volcanism in dewatering accretionary prisms: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 189, 295-313#.
[36] KOPP, C., FRUEHN, J., FLUEH, E.R., REICHET, C., KUKOWSKI, N., BIALAS, J., and KLAESCHEN, D., 2000, Structure of the Makran subduction zone from wideangle and reflection seismic data: Tectonophysics, 329, 171–191#.
[37] KOTARBA, M.J., and RICE, D.D., 2001, Composition and origin of coalbed gases in the Lower Silesian basin, southwest Poland: Applied Geochemistry, 16, 895-910#.
[38] KREULEN, R., and SCHUILING, R.D., 1982, N2-CH4-CO2 fluids during formation of the Dôme de 1ʾ Agout, France: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46, 193-203#.
[39] LINK, W.K., 1952, Significance of oil and gas seeps in world oil exploration: AAPG Bulletin, 36, 1505-1540#.
[40] MATTHEWS, M.D., 1996, Migration: a view from the top: In: Schumacher, D., Abrams, M.A. (Eds.), Hydrocarbon Migration and its Near-surface Expression, AAPG Memoir. AAPG, Tulsa, 66, 139-155#.
[41] MCCOLLOM, TH.M., and SEEWALD, J.S., 2007, Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal environments: Chemical Review, 107, 382−401#.
[42] MILKOV, A.V., 2000, Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates: Marine Geology, 167, 29-42#.
[43] NEGARESH, H., 2008, Mud volcanoes in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Makran Coast, SE Iran: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 54, 1-7#.
[44] NEGARESH, H., and KHOSRAVI, M., 2008, The geomorphic and morphometric characteristics of Napag mud volcano in the south eastern of Iran: Journal of Humanities the University of Isfahan, 30(2), 51-68#.
[45] PALLASSER, R.J., 2000, Recognising biodegradation in gas/oil accumulations through the δ13C compositions of gas components: Organic Geochemistry, 31, 1363-1373#.
[46] PLATT, J.P., LEGGETT, J.K., YOUNG, J., RAZA, H., and ALAM, S., 1985, Large scale underplating in the Makran accretionary prism, southwest Pakistan: Geology, 13, 507-511#.
[47] PRINZHOFER, A., and PERNATON, E., 1997, Isotopically light methane in natural gases: bacterial imprint or diffusive fractionation?: Chemical Geology, 142, 193–200#.
[48] RAY, J.S., KUMAR, A., SUDHEER, A.K., DESHPANDE, R.D., RAO, D.K., PATIL, D.J., AWASTHI, N., BHUTANI, R., BHUSHAN, R., and DAYAL, A.M., 2013, Origin of gases and water in mud volcanoes of Andaman accretionary prism: implications for fluid migration in forearcs: Journal of Chemical Geology, 347, 102–113#.
[49] RICE, D.D., and CLAYPOOL, G.E., 1981, Generation, accumulation and resource potential of biogenic gas: AAPG Bulletin, 65 (1), 5–25#.
[50] SCHLÜTER, H.U., PREXL, A., GAEDICKE, CH., ROESER, H., REICHERT, CH., MEYER, H., and VON DANIELS, C., 2002, The Makran accretionary wedge: sediment thicknesses and ages and the origin of mud volcanoes: Marine Geology, 3087, 1–14#.
[51] SCHOELL, M., 1980, The hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of methane from natural gases of various origins: Geochimica et Cosmochiica Acta, 44, 649-661#.
[52] SCHOELL, M., 1983, Genetic characterization of natural gases: American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin, 67, 2225-2238#.
[53] SCHOELL, M., 1988, Multiple origins of methane in the Earth: Chemical Geology, 71, 1-10#.
[54] SHERWOOD LOLLAR, B., LACRAMPE-COULOUME, G., SLATER, G.F., WARD, J., MOSER, D.P., GIHRING, T.M., LIN, L.H., and ONSTOTT, T.C., 2006, Unravelling abiogenic and biogenic sources of methane in the Earth’s deep subsurface: Chemical Geology, 226, 328–339#.
[55] SKINNER, J.A., and MAZZINI, A., 2009, Martian mud volcanism: terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1866-1878#.
[56] STAHL, W., 1977, Carbon and nitrogen isotopes in hydrocarbon research and exploration: Chemistry Geology, 20, 121-149#.
[57] TISSOT, B.P., and WELTE, D.H., 1978, Petroleum formation and occurrence: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, 699#.
[58] WASEDA, A., and IWANO, H., 2008, Characterization of natural gases in Japan based on molecular and carbon isotope compositions: Geofluids, 8, 286–292#.
[59] WHITICAR, M.J., 1999, Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane: Chemical Geology, 161, 291-314#.
[60] YAZDI, A., 2013, Potentials of Iran’s geotourism and structure of mud volcanoes: Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 3(1s), 350-358#.
[61] ZOPOROWSKI, A., and MILLER, S.A., 2009, Modelling eruption cycles and decay of mud volcanoes: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1879-1887#.