ispg-140503231614050323161604CMV Verlagkhoffmann@cmv-verlag.comCMV VerlagIranian Journal of Petroleum Geologyispg2251-873810182017612AbouzarMohsenipourBahmanSoleimaniEhsanAbharakpourGhodratollah Nikkhah1018201711010.66224/ispg.33822.6.12.1http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/33822http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33822http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33822http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33822http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33822http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33822http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33822http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33822قنواتی، ک.، 1379، مطالعه تکمیلی زمین¬شناسی مخزن بنگستان میدان مارون، شرکت ملی مناطق نفتخیز جنوب، گزارش پ-4946.#کدخذائی ایلخچی،ر. رضایی،م.ر. موسوی حرمی، ر. کدخدائی ایلخچی،ع.، 1393، بررسی رخساره¬های الکتریکی مخزنی در قالب واحدهای جریانی هیدرولیکی در میدان ویچررنج مربوط به حوضه پرت واقع در استرالیای غربی، پژوهش¬های چینه¬نگاری و رسوب-شناسی سال سی¬ام، شماره پیایی 54، شماره اول، صفحه 1-22.#مطیعی، ه.، 1382، زمین‌شناسی ایران، چینه‌شناسی زاگرس، سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشوري، چاپ اول ، 536صفحه.#Abbaszadeh, M.D., Fujii, F., Fujimoto, F., 1996.Permeability Prediction by Hydraulic Flow Units-Theory and Applications”, SPE Formation Evaluation, 11:263-271.#Amaefule, J.O., Altunbay, M., Tiab, D., Kersey, D.G. and Keeland, D.K., 1994. Enhanced reservoir description: using core and log data to identify hydraulic (flow) units and predict permeability in uncored intervals/wells. SPE Paper26436, 1–16.#Cassano, E.N., Lynch, A.H., Cassano, J.J., Koslow, M.R., 2006. Classification of synoptic patterns in the western Arctic associated with extreme events at Barrow, Alaska, USA. Clim. Res. 30, 83–97.#Cole ou, T., Poupon, M. and Azbe, K., 2003. Unsupervised seismic facies classification: areview and comparison of techniques and implementation. The Leading Edge 22, 942–953.#Diday, E., Simon, J. C., 1980. Digital Pattern Recognition, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 234 pp.#ECL, 2002, Full Field Study and preparation of master development plan of Marun (Bangestan) oil field, phase 2: reservoir characterization.#Elgaghah, S.A., Tiab, D., Osisanya, S.O., 1998. Improved reservoir description of shaly sands using conventional well log-derived data for flow units identification. Paper SPE 39803. SPE Permian Basin Oil and GasRecovery Conference Midland, TX, USA. March 25–27.#Fayos, J., Fayos, C.,. 2007. Wind data mining by Kohonen neural networks, PLoS ONE 2, p 210.#Gunter, G.W. et al., 1997. Early determination of reservoir flow units using an integrated petrophysical method. SPE 38679, P 373-380.#Jongkittinarukorn, K., Tiab, D., 1997. Identification and characterization of flow units inshaly sands. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17, 237– 246.#Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A., and A. Amini, 2009, A fuzzy logic approach to estimating hydraulic flow units from well log data: A case study from the Ahwaz Oilfield, south Iran: J. Pet. Geol. v. 32, p. 67-78.#KohonenT.1995., " Self-Organizing Maps. Springer ", Berlin.#Kohonen, T., Kaski, S. Lappalainen, H., 1997. Self-organized formation of various invariantfeature filters in the adaptive-subspace SOM. Neural Computation 9, 1321-1344.#Lee, S.H., A. Kharghoria, and A. Datta-Gupta, 2002, Electrofacies Characterization and Permeability Predictions in Complex Reservoirs: SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 237-248.#Lucia, J.F., 2007, Carbonate Reservoir Characterization An Integrated Approach. 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 341 pp.#Mathisen, T., S.H. Lee, and A. Datta-Gupta, 2001, Improved Permeability Estimates in Carbonate Reservoirs Using Electrofacies Characterization: A Case Study of the North Robertson Unit, West Texas: paper SPE 70034 presented at the SPE Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, TX, May 15-16.#Mukherjee, A., 1997. Self-organizing neural network for identification of natural modes.TheJournal of Computing in Civil Engineering 11 (1), 74-77.#Perez, H.H., A. Datta-Gupta, S. Mishra, 2005, The role of electrofacies, lithofacies and hydraulic flow units in permeability prediction from well logs: A comparative analysis using classification trees: SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, v. 8, p. 143-155.#Sfidari, E., Amini, A., KadKhodaie,A., Ahmadi,B.,2012, '' Electrofacies clustering and a hybrid intelligent based method for porosity and permeability prediction in the South Pars Gas Field, Persian Gulf'', JGeope2(2),2012,p.11-23.#Sfidari, E., Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A., Najjari, S., 2012.''Comparison of intelligent and statistical clustering approaches to predicting total organic carbon using intelligent systems''.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 86-87, 190-205.#Shedid A. S. and Reyadh A. A., 2002,“A New Approach of Reservoir Description of Carbonate Reservoirs”, SPE 74344, 1- 10.#Strecker, U., Uden, R., 2002. Data mining of 3D poststack seismic attribute volumes using Kohonen self-organizing maps. The Leading Edge 21, 1032-1037.#Wilmann, T., Merenyi, E. and Hammer, B,. . 2003. Neural maps in remote sensing image analysis. Neural Networks 16, 389-403.#Winland H. D., 1972. Oil Accumulation in Response to Pore Size changes.Weyburn field, Saskatchewan.Amoco Production Research Report No.F72-G-25, 197.#adelneisialiGhobeishavMohammadAllahkarampour-Dill1018201711010.66224/ispg.33825.6.12.1http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/33825http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33825http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33825http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33825http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33825http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33825http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33825http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33825[1] آقانباتي، ع.، 1383، زمين¬شناسي ايران: سازمان زمين¬شناسي و اکتشافات معدني کشور، 586 صفحه.#[2] آورجانی، ش.، طاهري، م.، اميري بختيار، ح.، رحماني، ع.، 1386، بیواستراتیگرافی، رخساره و محیط رسوبی سازند آسماری در چاه شماره 44 میدان نفتی کوپال (جنوب غرب ایران): یازدهمین همایش انجمن زمین‌شناسی ایران، صفحه 45 ـ60.#[3] آورجانی، ش.، همت، م، سبکرو، م.، صادقی، ر.، طاهری، م.، 1391، توصیف مغزه‌ها، چینه نگاری زیستی، رخساره¬ها، محیط رسوبی، چینه نگاری سکانسی و دیاژنز سازند آسماری در میدان نفتی مارون: شرکت ملی مناطق نفت خیز جنوب، گزارش شماره پ- 7489، 85 صفحه (منتشر نشده).#[4] ابطحی فروشانی، س.ز.، صیرفیان، ع.، 1393، ریزرخساره¬¬ها و چینه نگاري سکانسی سازند آسماري در برش تنگ سرخ، جنوب شرقی یاسوج: رخساره¬های رسوبی، جلد هفتم، شماره اول، صفحه 1-18.#[5] شب افروز، ر.، غبیشاوی، ع.، 1389، چینه شناسی مخزن آسماری میدان گچساران: گزارش داخلی شرکت ملی مناطق نفت خیز جنوب، 39 صفحه (منتشرنشده).#[6] خدری، ب.، جهانی، د.، امیری بختیار، ح.، 1389، میکروفاسیس و محیط رسوبی سازند آسماری در تاقدیس اشگر: بیست و نهمین گردهمایی علوم زمین، سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.#[7] رحمانی، ع.، 1391، آشنایی با نرم افزار سیکلولاگ و کاربردهای آن در صنعت نفت (مطالعات چینه نگاری سکانسی)، مطالعه موردی مخزن آسماری میدان نفتی پارسی (چاه شماره 19): شرکت ملی مناطق نفت خیز جنوب.#[8] غبيشاوي، ع.، 1383، سکانس استراتيگرافي سازند آسماري در بيرونزدگي خويز و ميدان گچساران: پايان نامه کارشناسي ارشد، دانشگاه تبريز، 121 صفحه.#[9] غبیشاوی، ع.، رحمانی، ع.، 1385، سکانس استراتیگرافی سازند های ایلام و سروک در میدان نفتی آب تیمور (چاه شماره 14): شرکت ملی مناطق نفت خیز جنوب، گزارش شماره پ- 5918، 67 صفحه (منتشر نشده).#[10] غبیشاوی، ع.، رحمانی، ع.، 1389، مطالعه محیط رسوبی و سکانس استراتیگرافی مخزن بنگستان میدان نفتی رگ سفید: شرکت ملی مناطق نفت خیز جنوب، گزارش شماره پ- 6966، 42 صفحه.#[11] غبیشاوی، ع.، و شب افروز، ر.، 1389، تطابق چینه شناسی مخزن بنگستان میدان گچساران بر اساس نرم افزار cyclolog: گزارش داخلی شرکت مناطق نفت خیز جنوب، 13صفحه (منتشر نشده).#[12] عظیمی، م.ص.، رحیم¬پور بناب، ح.، اسرافیلی دیزجی، ب.، 1390، عوامل کنترل کننده کیفیت مخزنی سازند آسماری در میدان قلعه نار: سی¬امین گردهمایی علوم زمین، سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.#[13] اکبری، ن.، همت، م.، طاهری، م.، سبکرو، م.، صادقی، ر.، 1390، مطالعه بایواستراتیگرافی، میکروفاسیس ها، محیط رسوبی و سکانس استراتیگرافی مخزن آسماری در میدان بی¬بی¬حکیمه: شرکت ملی مناطق نفت خیز جنوب، گزارش شماره پ- 7421، 80 صفحه (منتشر نشده).#[14] مطيعی، ه.، 1372، زمین شناسی ایران (چينه شناسي زاگرس): سازمان زمين شناسي كشور، 536 صفحه.#[15] واحد مطالعات شرکت ملی مناطق نفت¬خیز جنوب.، 1389، میدان نفتی قلعه نار: نقشه خطوط زیرزمینی سازند آسماری، مقیاس 1:50000.#[16] ADAMS, T. D. and BOURGEOIS, F., 1967, Asmari biostratigraphy. Iranian Oil Operating Companies, Geological and Exploration Division, Unpublished Report 1074: 1–37.#[17] ADAMS, T. D., 1969, The Asmari Formation of Lurestan and Khuzestan Proviences. National Iranian Oil Company, Geological and Exploration Division, Unpublished Report No. 1151.#[18] ALLAHKARAMPOUR Dill, M., SEYRAFIAN, A., VAZIRI-MOGHADDAM, H., 2010, The Asmari Formation, north of the Gachsaran (Dill anticline), southwest Iran, facies analysis, depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy: Carbonates and Evaporites, 25 (2), 145 -160.#[19] AL-SHARHAN, A.S., and KENDALL, C.G. ST. C., 2003. Holocene coastal carbonates and evaporates of the southern Arabian Gulf and their ancient analogues: Earth Science Reviews, 61 (3-4), 191-243.#[20] AMIRSHAHKARAMI, M., VAZIRI-MOGHADDAM, H., and TAHERI, A., 2007a, Paleoenvironmental model and sequence stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation in southwest Iran: Historical Biology, 19 (2), 173 -183.#[21] AMIRSHAHKARAMI, M., VAZIRI-MOGHADDAM, H., and TAHERI, A., 2007b, Sedimentary facies and sequence stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation at Chaman -Bolbol, Zagros Basin, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29, 947 –959.#[22] AMODIO, S., 2006, Foraminifera diversity changes and paleoenvironmental analysis the Lower Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates of San Lorenzello: Campanian Apennines, southern Italy. Facies, 52, 53-67.#[23] AVARJANI, SH., MAHBOUBI, A., MOUSSAVI-HARAMI, R., AMIRIBAKHTIAR, H., BRENNER, R.L., 2015, Facies, depositional sequences, and biostratigraphy of the Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation in Marun oilfield, North Dezful Embayment Zagros Basin, SW Iran: Palaeoworld, 24 (2), 336-358.#[24] BUSK, H.G., and MAYO, H. T., 1918, Some notes on the geology of the Persian Oilfields: Journal of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists , 5, 5-26.#[25] BUXTON, M.W.N. and PEDLEY, H.M., 1989, A standardized model for Tethyan Tertiary carbonate ramps: Journal of the Geological Society, London, 146, 746 -748.#[26] COSOVIC, V., DROBNE, K., and MORO, A., 2004, Paleoenvironmental model for Eocene foraminiferal limestones of the Adriatic carbonate platform (Istrian Peninsula): Facies, 50, 61 -75.#[27] CORDA, L., and BRANDANO, M., 2003, Aphotic zone carbonate pro duction on a Miocene ramp, Central Apennines, Italy: Sedimentary Geology, 161, 55 -70.#[28] CYCLOLOG VERSION 2010C USER GUIDE, 2010, Enres International Company.#[29] CURRY, B., 1999, An environmental tolerance index for ostracods as indicators of physical and chemical factors in aquatic habitats: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 148, 51-63.#[30] DARAEI, M., AMINI, A., ANSARI, M., 2014, Facies analysis and depositional environment study of the mixed carbonate–evaporite Asmari Formation (Oligo-Miocene) in the sequence stratigraphic framework, NW Zagros, Iran: Carbonates and Evaporites, 30 (3), 253–272.#[31] DE JONG, M., SMITH, D., DJINNIO, S., HARDY, N., 2006, Subsurface correlation of the Triassic of the UK southern central graben: new look at an old problem. 24, 103–109.#[32] DUNHAM, R., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture, In: Ham WE, (ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks: AAPG Memoir 1, 108 -121.#[33] EHRENBERG, S.N.H., PICKARD, N.A., LAURSEN, G.V., MONIBI, S., MOSSADEGH, Z.K., SVÅNÅ, T.A., AQRAWI, A.A.M., and THIRLWALL, J.M.M.M.F., 2007, Strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation (Oligocene-Lower Miocene), SW Iran: Journal of Petroleum Geology, 30, 107 -128.#[34] FLÜGEL, E., 2010, Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks, Analysis, Interpretation and Application, 2nd edition. Springer, Heidelberg, 976.#[35] GEEL, T., 2000, Recognition of Stratigraphic sequence in carbonate platfo rm and slope deposits: empirical models based on microfacies analyses of palaeogene deposits in southeastern Spain: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 155, 211 -238.#[36] GILBERT, G.K., 1895, Sedimentary measurement of Cretaceous time: Journal of Geology, 3, 121-127.#[37] GRADSTEIN, F.M., OGG, J.G., SMITH, A.G., 2004, Geological time scale: Cambridge University Press, 589.#[38] GHANAVATI, K., 2010, Novel approach to address carbonate evaluation problems of Ahwaz Bangestan reservoir using Cyclolog software: 14th Intl. Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Congress.#[39] HAKIMZADEH, S., AND SEYRAFIAN, A., 2008, Late Oligocene - Early Miocene benthic foraminifera and biostratigraphy of the Asmari Formation, South Yasuj, north-central Zagros basin, Iran: Carbonates and Evaporites, 23, 1-10.#[40] HONARMAND, J., AMINI, A., 2012, Diagenetic processes and reservoir properties in the ooid grainstones of the Asmari: Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 81, 70–79.#[41] HOTTINGER, L., 1983, Proces ses determining the distribution of larger foraminifera in space and time: Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins, 30, 239 -253.#[42] JAMES, G. A., and WYND, J. G., 1965, Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian Oil Consortium agreement area: AAPG Bulletine, 49, 2182-2245.#[43] LAURSEN, G., MONIBI, S., ALLAN, T., PICKARD, N., HOSSEINEY, A., V INCENT, B., HAMON, Y., VAN-BUCHEM, V., MOALLEMI, A., DRUILLION, G., 2009, The Asmari Formation Revisited, Changed Stratigraphic Allocation and New Biozonation: First International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition, Shiraz, 4 -6 May 2009.#[44] LEES, G. M., 1933, The reservoir rocks of Persian oil fields: American Association Petroleum Geology Bulletin, 17, (3), 229-240.#[45] LOEBLICH, A. R., and TAPPAN, H., 1998, Foraminiferal genera and their clas sification: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 970.#[46] RICHARDSON, P. K., 1924, The geology and oil measures of southwest Persia: Journal of the Institution of Petroleum Technology, 10, 256 -283.#[47] NIO, S.D., BÖHM, A.R., BROUWER, J.H., DE JONG, M.G., and SMITH, D.G., 2006, Climate stratigraphy, principles and applications in subsurface correlation: EAGE Short Course Series, 1, 1-130. #[48] NIO, S. D., BROUWER, J. H., SMITH, D. G., DE JONG, M. G., and BÖHM, A. R., 2005, Spectral trend attribute analysis applications in the stratigraphic analysis of wireline logs: First Break, 23 (4), 71-75.#[49] PIRYAEI, A., REIJMER, J.J.G., VAN BUCHEM, F.S.P., YAZDI-MOGHADAM, M., SADOUNI, J., & DANELIAN, T., 2010, The influence of Late Cretaceous tectonic processes on sedimentation patterns along the northeastern Arabian plate margin (Fars Province, SW Iran). In: LETURMY, P. & ROBIN, C. (eds.), Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Zagros and Makran during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 330, 211–251.#[50] RAHMANI, A., VAZIRI -MOGHDDAM, H., TAHERI, A., and GHOBEISHAVI, A., 2009, A model for the palaeoenvironmental distribution of larger foraminifera based on microfacies analysis of Oligocene Miocene carbonate rocks at Khaviz Anticline, Zagros Basin, SW Iran: Historical Biology, 21 (4), 215 -227.#[51] RAHMANI, A., TAHERI, A., VAZIRI-MOGHADDAM, H., and GHOBEISHAVI, A., 2012, Biostratigraphy of the Asmari Formation at Khaviz and Bangestan Anticlines, Zagros Basin, SW Iran: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 263 (1), 1 -16.#[52] SHABAFROOZ, R., MAHBOUBI, A., VAZIRI-MOGHADDAM, H., MOUSSAVI HARAMI, R., GHOBEISHAVI, A., and AL-ASAM, I.S., 2015. Facies analysis and carbonate Ramp Evolution of Oligo –Miocene Asmari Formation in the Gachsaran and Bibi-Hakimeh Oilfields and the Nearby Mish Anticline, Zagros Basin, Iran: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie -Abhandlungen, 276 (1), 121 -146.#[53] SADEGHI, R., VAZIRI-MOGHADDAM, H., and TAHERI A., 2009, Biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Oligo-Miocene succession in Fars and Khuzestan areas (Zagros Basin, SW Iran): Historical Biology, 21 (2), 17 -31.#[54] SADEGHI, R., VAZIRI-MOGHADDAM, H., and TAHERI, A., 2010, Microfacies and sedimentary environment of the Oligocene sequence (Asmari Formation) in Fars sub -basin, Zagros Mountains, southwest Iran: Facies, 57 (3), 431- 446.#[55] SALEH Z., and SEYRAFIAN, A., 2014, Biostratigraphy and depositional environment evolution of the Asmari Formation at the Shajabil anticline, Iran: Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7 (10), 4235 -4243.#[56] TAHERI, A., 2010, Paleoenvironmental model and sequence stratigraphy for the Oligo-Miocene foraminiferal limestone in east of Dogonbadan: Sedimentology Researches, 40, 15-30.#[57] THOMAS, A.N., 1948, The Asmari limestone of southwest Iran; Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Report, Unpublished Report No. 706, #[58] VAN BUCHEM, F. S. P., ALLAN, T. L., LAURSEN, G. V., LOTFPOUR, M., MOALLEMI, A., MONIBI, S., MOTIEI, H., PICKARD, N. A. H., TAHMASBI, A. R., VEDRENNE, V., and VINCENT, B., 2010, Regional stratigraphic architecture and reservoir types of the Oligo -Miocene deposits in the Dezful Embayment (Asmari and Pabdeh Formations) SW Iran: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 329 (1), 219 -263.#[59] VAZIRI-MOGHA DDAM, H., KIMIAGARI, M., and TAHERI, A., 2006, Depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation in SW Iran: Facies, 52, 41 -51.#[60] WARREN, J., 2000, Dolomite: occurrences, evolution and economical important association: Earth science Review, 52: 1-87.#[61] WILSON, J.L., 1975, Carbonate facies in geologic history: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer, 471.#[62] ZABIHI ZOERAM, F., VAHIDINIA, M., MAHBOUBI, A., and AMIRI BAKHTIAR, H., 2013, Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation in the northern area of Dezful Embayment, south-west Iran: Studia UBB Geologia, 58 (1), 45 – 56.#[63] ZABIHI ZOERAM, F., VAHIDINIA, M., SADEGHI, A., MAHBOUBI, A., and AMIRI BAKHTIAR, H., 2015, Larger benthic foraminifera a tool for biostrtigraphy, facies analysis and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Oligo-Miocene carbonates, NW Central Zagros Basin, Iran: Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8 (2), 931-949.#masoodkhoshnoodHosyenVaziri moghadam1018201711010.66224/ispg.33832.6.12.1http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/33832http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33832http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33832http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33832http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33832http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33832http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33832http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33832 Adams, T. D., and F. Bourgeois, 1967, Asmari biostratigraphy: Geological and Exploration, Iranian Offshore Oil Company Report, no. 1074, (unpublished).# Amirshahkarami, M., A. Ghabishavi, and A. Rahmani, 2010, Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of the larger benthic foraminifera in wells sections of the Asmari Formation from the Rag- e- Safid oil fild, Zagros Basin, southwest Iran: Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches, v. 40, p. 63-84.# Amirshahkarami, M., H. Vaziri-Moghaddam, and A. Taheri, 2007a, Paleoenvironmental model and sequence stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation in southwest Iran: Historical Biology, v. 19 (2), p. 173-183.# Beavington-Penney, S. J., A. Racey, 2004, Ecology of extant nummulitids and other larger benthic foraminifera: applications in palaeoenvironmental analysis: Earth Sciences, v. 67, p. 219–265.# Brandano, M., Frezza, V., Tomassetti, L., Pedley, M., Matteucci, R., 2009, Facies analysis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Late Oligocene Attard Member (Lower Coralline Limestone Formation), Malta, Sedimentology, 56(4), 1138–1158.# Dunham, R. J., 1962, Classification of carbonat rocks according to their depositional texture: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 1, p. 108-121.# Ehrenberg, S.N., N. A. H. Pickard, G. V. Laursen, S. Monibi, Z. K. Mossadegh, T. A. Svana, A. A. M. Aqrawi, J. M. McArthur,and M. F. Thirlwall, 2007, Strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation (Oligocene–Lower Miocene), SW Iran: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 30, p. 107–128.# Embry, A. F., and J. E. Klovan, 1971, Late Devonian reef tract on northeastern Banks Island, Northwest territories: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 19, p. 730-781.# Flugel, E., 2010, Microfacies of Carbonate Rock, Analysis, Interpretation and Application: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 984p# Geel, T., 2000, Recognition of stratigraphic sequence in carbonate platform and slope empirical models based on microfacies analysis of Paleogene deposits in southeastern Spain, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 155(3), 211-238.# Hallock, P., 1987, Fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum: a factor in global diversity cycles: Paleoceanography, v. 2, p. 457–471.# Hallock, P., 2001, Coral reefs in the 21st century: is the past the key to the future In: Greenstein, B.J., Carney, C.K. (Eds.), Proceedings 10th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and other Carbonate Regions: Gerace Research Center, San Salvador, p. 8–13. # Hohenegger, J., Yordanova, E., Nakano, Y., and F. Tatzreiter, 1999, Habitats of larger Foraminifera on the upper reef slope of Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 109-168. # Hottinger, L., 1997, Shallow bentihic foraminiferal assembelages as signals for depth of their deposition and their limitations: Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 168/4, p. 491-505.# James, G. A., and J. G. Wynd, 1965, Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium, agreement area: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 49, p. 2182 - 2245.# Laursen, G. V., S. Monibi, T. L. Allan, N. A. H. Pickard, A. Hosseiney, B. Vincent, Y. Hamon, F. S. P. van Buchem, A. Moallemi, and G. Druillion, 2009, The Asmari Formation Revisited: Changed Stratigraphic Allocation and New Biozonation: First International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition Shiraz, Iran. # Mutti, M., and P. Hallok, 2003, Carbonate system along nutrient and temperature gradient: Some sedimentological and geochemical constraits: Earth- Science, v. 92, p. 465-475.# Nebelsick, J. H., T. V. Stingl, and M. Rasser, 2001, Autochthonous Facies and Allochthonous Debris Flows compared: Early Oligocene carbonate facies patterns of the lower Inn valley (Tyrol, Austria): Facies, v. 44, p. 31-46.# Pedley, M., 1996, Miocene reef facies of Pelagian region (Central Mediter ranean region). in E. K. Franseen, M. Esteben, W. C. Ward, and J. M. Rouchy, eds., Models for Carbonate Stratigraphy from Miocene Reef complexes of Mediterranean Regions: SEPM Concept Sediment Paleontology, v. 5, p. 247-259.# Pomar, L., 2001a, Types of carbonate platforms: a genetic approach: Basin Research, v. 13, p. 313–334. # Pomar, L., 2001b, Ecological control of sedimentary accomodation: evolution from a carbonate ramp to rimmed shelf, Upper Miocene, Balearic Islands: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 175, p. 249-272.# Pomar, L., M. Brandano, and H. Westphal, 2004, Environmental factors influencing skeletal grain sediment associations: a critical review of Miocene examples from the western Mediterranean: Sedimentology, v. 51, p. 627-651.# Pomar, L., Mateu-Vicens, G., Morsilli, M., Brandano, M., 2014, Carbonate ramp evolution during the Late Oligocene (Chattian), Salento Peninsula, southern Italy, Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 404:109–132.# Reiss, Z., and L. Hottinger, 1984, The Gulf of Aqaba: Ecological Micropaleontology: Springer-Verlag, v. 50, p. 1-354. # Richardson, P. K., 1924, The geology and oil measures of southwest Persia: Journal of the Institute of Petroleum Thechnology, v. 10, p. 256-283.# Romero, J., E. Caus, and J. Rossel, 2002, A model for the palaeoenvironmental distribution of larger foraminifera based on Late Middle Eocene deposits on the margine of the south Pyrenean basin (SE Spain): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 179, p. 43–56.# Seyrafian, A., H. Vaziri-Moghaddam, N. Arzani, and A. Taheri, 2011, Facies analysis of the Asmari Formation in central and north-central Zagros basin, southwest Iran: Biostratigraphy, paleoecology and diagenesis: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, v. 28, no. 3, p. 439-458.# Shabafrooz, R., Mahboubi, A., Vaziri-moghaddam, H., Ghabeishavi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., 2015a, Depositional architecture and sequence stratigraphy of the Oligo–Miocene Asmari platform; Southeastern Izeh Zone, Zagros Basin, Iran, Facies, v. 61, p. 423-455.# Van Buchem, F. S. P., T .L. Allah, G.V. Laursen, M. Lotfpour, A. Moallemi, S. Monibi, H. Motiei, N. A.H. Pickard and B. Vincent, 2010, Regional stratigraphic reservoir types of the Oligo-Miocene deposits in the Dezful Embayment (Asmari and Pabdeh formations) SW Iran: Geological Society, London, Special Publication, v. 329, p. 219-263.# Vaziri- Moghaddam, H., A. Seyrafian, A. Taheri, and H. Motiei, 2010, Oligocene-Miocene ramp system (Asmari Formation) in the NW of Zagros Basin, Iran: Microfacies, paleoenvironment and depositional sequence: Revista Mexicana de Ciencia Geológicals, v. 27, p. 56-71.# Vaziri-Moghaddam, H., M. Kimiagari and A. Taheri, 2006, Depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation in SW Iran: Facies, v. 52(1), p. 41-51.# Wilson, JL., 1975, Carbonate facies in geological history: Springer, Berlin, p. 471.#NasrinkianizadehBehzadZamaniRahymkhadkhodayiHoseynTalebi1018201711010.66224/ispg.33835.6.12.1http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/33835http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33835http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33835http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33835http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33835http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33835http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33835http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33835منابع -[1]دلارام. و، رسولی.ا، 1386، تأثير تنش هاي برجا بر مكانيسم گسيختگي چاه هاي نفتي، سومین کنفرانس سنگ ایران.#-[2] رمضانی.ع، علوی. س. ا، حاجی علی بیگی.ح، طالبی.ح، 1389، تحلیل ساختاری و شکستگی‎های میدان نفتی لالی، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، رشته تکتونیک، دانشگاه علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی،140.# -[3]زمانی. ب، کیانی زاده. ن ، پرهیزکاری. ح،1393، بررسي وضعيت تنش نوزمين ساختي زاگرس با جدایش تنش‎ها، علوم زمین.# -[4]ژئوفیزیک کاربردی، ترجمه حسین زمردیان و حسین حاجب حسینی،1984، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، جلد اول صفحه 312-302.# -[5]طالبی، ح. نریمانی، ح. 1388. ارتباط ساختاري تاقديسهاي زيلويي، لالي و كارون. گزارشات شركت ملي مناطق نفت خيز جنوب.# - [6]کلاگری، ع. 1389. اصول اکتشافات ژئوفیزیکی. کلاگری. 485 صفحه.# -[7]محمودی، ح.1391. مطالعه تکمیلی و تهیه مدل زمین‌شناسی مخزن بنگستان میدان لالی. گزارش شرکت مناطق نفت‎خیز جنوب.# -[8]مطیعی.ه ، 1374، زمین‎شناسی نفت زاگرس، انتشارات سازمان زمین‎شناسی کشور، جلد اول 589. #[9]- Akbar, M. and Sapru, A., 1994, October. In-situ stresses in the subsurface of Arabian Peninsula and their effect on fracture morphology and permeability. In 6th Abu-Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (pp. 16-19).#[10]- Angelier, J, 2002, Inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms to obtain the seismotectonic stress (a new method free of choice among nodal planes) IV, Geophys, J. Int, 150: 588-609.#[11]- Aadnoy, B.S., 1990. Inversion technique to determine the in-situ stress field from fracturing data. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 4(2), pp.127-141.#[12]- Bachmanov, D.M., Trifonov, V.G., Hessami, K.T., Kozhurin, A.I., Ivanova, T.P., Rogozhin, E.A., Hademi, M.C. and Jamali, F.H., 2004. Active faults in the Zagros and central Iran. Tectonophysics, 380(3), pp.221-241.#[13]- Barnett, J.A., Mortimer, J., Rippon, J.H., Walsh, J.J. and Watterson, J., 1987. Displacement geometry in the volume containing a single normal fault. AAPG Bulletin, 71(8), pp.925-937.#[14]- Blanton, T.L. and Olson, J.E., 1997, January. Stress magnitudes from logs: effects of tectonic strains and temperature. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.#[15]- Fjar E, Holt RM, Raaen AM, Risnes R, Horsrud P, 2008, Petroleum related rock mechanics, Elsevier; 2008 Jan 4.#[16]- Geoscience central, Iran, Ahvaz. 2010. LL26. Emi quick look report.# [17]- Hajialibeigi, H., 2011. Signatures of the Balarud Deep Seated Fault Zone in Khushab Anticline, SW Iran, An Integrated Study. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, 22(1), pp.33-81.#[18]- Heidbach, O., Tingay, M., Barth, A., Reinecker, J., Kurfeß, D. and Müller, B., 2010. Global crustal stress pattern based on the World Stress Map database release 2008. Tectonophysics, 482(1), pp.3-15.#[19]- Hosseini, F. Ashtiani Abdi, H. Shiroodi, S, K., 2012, Wellbore stability study of sarvak-Kazhdomi- Darian Salman field, IOOC Technical Affairs, Geology Department.#[20]- Horn, M.K. , 1991, Play concepts for horizontal drilling, In Fritz, R.D. et al. (eds), Geological Aspects of Horizontal drilling, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Education Course Note Series, v. 33, p. 189-323.#[21]- Carvajal Jiménez, J.M., Valera Lara, L.C., Rueda, A. and Saavedra Trujillo, N.F., 2007. Geomechanical wellbore stability modeling of exploratory wells-study case at middle Magdalena Basin. CT&F-Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 3(3), pp.85-102.#[22]- Jones, R.R., McCaffrey, K.J.W., Clegg, P., Wilson, R.W., Holliman, N.S., Holdsworth, R.E., Imber, J. and Waggott, S., 2009. Integration of regional to outcrop digital data: 3D visualisation of multi-scale geological models. Computers & Geosciences, 35(1), pp.4-18.#[23]- Kaufmann, O. and Martin, T., 2008. 3D geological modelling from boreholes, cross-sections and geological maps, application over former natural gas storages in coal mines. Computers & Geosciences, 34(3), pp.278-290.#[24]- Kim, Y.S. and Sanderson, D.J., 2005. The relationship between displacement and length of faults: a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 68(3), pp.317-334.#[25]- Zoback, M.D., Barton, C.A., Brudy, M., Castillo, D.A., Finkbeiner, T., Grollimund, B.R., Moos, D.B., Peska, P., Ward, C.D. and Wiprut, D.J., 2003. Determination of stress orientation and magnitude in deep wells. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 40(7), pp.1049-1076.#[26]- Zare, M.R., Shadizadeh, S.R. and Habibnia, B., 2010, January. Mechanical stability analysis of directional wells: a case study in Ahwaz oilfield. In Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.# [27]- Mitra, S., 1990. Fault-propagation folds: geometry, kinematic evolution, and hydrocarbon Traps (1). AAPG Bulletin, 74(6), pp.921-945.#[28]- Peter J.D., Paulo J.R.,2007, Model-based Geostatistics, Springer Science, Library of Congress.#[29]- Plumb, R., Edwards, S., Pidcock, G., Lee, D. and Stacey, B., 2000, January. The mechanical earth model concept and its application to high-risk well construction projects. In IADC/SPE Drilling Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.#[30]- Schlumberger,2008, Petrel Introduction course, Petrel, 555p.#[31]- Schlumberger, Swismic-to-Simulation Software, 2009, Property Modeling Course, 503p.#[32]- Sanaee, R., Shadizadeh, S.R. and Riahi, M.A., 2010. Determination of the stress profile in a deep borehole in a naturally fractured reservoir. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 47(4), pp.599-605. #[33]- Tingay, M.R., Hillis, R.R., Morley, C.K., King, R.C., Swarbrick, R.E. and Damit, A.R., 2009. Present-day stress and neotectonics of Brunei: Implications for petroleum exploration and production. AAPG Bulletin, 93(1), pp.75-100.#[34]- Tingay, M., Müller, B., Reinecker, J., Heidbach, O., Wenzel, F. and Fleckenstein, P., 2005. Understanding tectonic stress in the oil patch: The World Stress Map Project. The Leading Edge, 24(12), pp.1276-1282.#[35]- Xiubin, L.I.N., Hanlin, C.H.E.N., CHENG, X., Zhongyan, S.H.E.N., Shufeng, Y.A.N.G. and Ancheng, X.I.A.O., 2010. Conceptual models for fracturing in fault related folds. Mining Science and Technology (China), 20(1), pp.103-108.#[36]- Yaghoubi, A.A. and Zeinali, M., 2009. Determination of magnitude and orientation of the in-situ stress from borehole breakout and effect of pore pressure on borehole stability—Case study in Cheshmeh Khush oil field of Iran. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 67(3), pp.116-126.#MortezaTaherinezhadMortezaAsemaniAhmad rezaRabbani1018201711010.66224/ispg.33838.6.12.1http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/33838http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33838http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33838http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33838http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33838http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33838http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33838http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33838ربانی، ا. (1392)، "زمین شناسی و ژئوشیمی نفت خلیج فارس،" انتشارات دانشگاه تفرش.#Asemani, M., & Rabbani, A. R. (2016). Oil-oil correlation by FTIR spectroscopy of asphaltene samples. Geosciences Journal, 20(2), 273-283.#ASTM D 2007 – 03; Standard Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method, An American National Standard, Reapproved 2008.#Behar, F., & Pelet, R. (1985). Pyrolysis-gas chromatography applied to organic geochemistry: structural similarities between kerogens and asphaltenes from related rock extracts and oils. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 8, 173-187.#Behar, F., Pelet, R., Roucache, J., 1984. Geochemistry of asphaltenes. Organic Geochemistry 6, 587–595.#Di Primio, R., Horsfield, B., Guzman-Vega, M. A., 2000, Determining the temperature of petroleum formation from the kinetic properties of petroleum asphaltenes. Nature, 406, 173-176.#IP 143/84, Asphaltene precipitation with n-heptane: Standards for Petroleum and its Products, Institute of Petroleum London, UK, 1984.#Macko, S. A., Engel, M. H., & Parker, P. L. (1993). Early diagenesis of organic matter in sediments. In Organic geochemistry (pp. 211-224). Springer US.#Moschopedis, S.E., Parkash, S. and Speight, J.; “Thermal decomposition of asphaltenes”, Fuel, 57, p. p. 431-434, 1979.#Permanyer, A., Douifi, L., Dupuy, N., Lahcini, A., & Kister, J. (2005). FTIR and SUVF spectroscopy as an alternative method in reservoir studies. Application to Western Mediterranean oils. Fuel, 84(2), 159-168.#Pelet, R., F. Behar, and J. C. Monin. "Resins and asphaltenes in the generation and migration of petroleum." Organic Geochemistry 10.1-3, p. p. 481-498, 1986.‏#Peters, K.E., Walters, C. C., and Moldowan, J. M., 2005, The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Systems and Earth History. Second volume, 2th edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 475- 482.#Rabbani, A. R., Kotarba, M. J., Baniasad, A. R., Hosseiny, E., & Wieclaw, D. (2014). Geochemical characteristics and genetic types of the crude oils from the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf. Organic Geochemistry, 70, 29-43.‏#Rubinstein, I., C. Spyckerelle, and O. Strausz, Pyrolysis of asphaltenes: a source of geochemical information. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1979. 43(1): p. 1-6.#Semple, K. M., Cyr, N., Fedorak, P. M., & Westlake, D. W. (1990). Characterization of asphaltenes from Cold Lake heavy oil: variations in chemical structure and composition with molecular size. Canadian journal of chemistry, 68(7), 1092-1099.‏#MahinFarhadian BabadiBehzad MehrabiAdriano MazziniElenaPoludetkinaAtaShakeri1018201711010.66224/ispg.33839.6.12.1http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/33839http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33839http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33839http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33839http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33839http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33839http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33839http://journal.ispg.ir/fa/Article/Download/33839]۱[ صاحب¬زاده، ب.، ده¬مرده، ر.، 1383، گل¬فشان چیست؟ (همراه با نگرشی بر گل¬فشان¬های ایران): مجله رشد آموزش زمین¬شناسی، شماره 38، صفحه 28-35.#]۲[ عباس نژاد، الف.، نگارش، ح.، 138۹، میکرومورفولوژی روانه¬های گِلی گِل¬فشان ناپگ: فصلنامه جغرافیایی آمایش، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ملایر، سال دوم، شماره 7، صفحه 71- 86.# ]۳[ نژاد افضلي، ک.، لك، ر.، ثروتی، م.ر.، بیاتانی، ف.، 13۹۰، معرفی و بررسی سایت گل¬فشانی نژاد افضلی گل¬فشان¬های گتان شهرستان جاسک و اهمیت گردشگری آنها: فصلنامه علوم زمین، شماره ۸۲.، صفحه ۲۰۷-۲۱۴.#]۴[ نگارش، ح.، فیضی، م.، طاهری، الف.، رحمانی، م.الف.، نگارش، ز.، 1390، ویژگی¬های ژئومورفولوژیکی گِل¬فشان عین (Ain) و تعیین ترکیب معدنی آب و گِل آن با استفاده از روش¬های فیزیکی و شیمیایی: مجله جغرافیا و برنامه¬ریزی دانشگاه تبریز، سال شانزدهم، شماره 37، صفحه 173-202.#]۵[ نگارش، ح.، 1383، بررسی گِل¬فشان پيرگل واقع در شرق آتشفشان بزمان و ويژگی¬های آن: مجله جغرافيا و توسعه، دانشگاه سيستان و بلوچستان، شماره 4، صفحه 191-208.#[6] ABRAMS, M.A., 2005, Significance of hydrocarbon seepage relative to petroleum generation and entrapment: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 22, 457-477#.[7] ARTHURTON, R.S., FARAH, A., and AHMED, W., 1982, The Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic history of western Baluchistan Pakistan--the northern margin of the Makran subduction complex: In: LEGGETT, J.K. (ed.) Trench-Forearc Geology: Sedimentation and Tectonics of Modern and Ancient Plate Margins, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10, 373-385#.[8] BERNARD, B.B., BROOKS, J.M., and SACKETT, W.M., 1978, Light hydrocarbons in recent Texas continental shelf and slope sediments: Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 4053-4061#.[9] BERNARD, B.B., BROOKS, J.M., and Sackett, W.M., 1977, A geochemical model for characterization of hydrocarbon gas sources in marine sediments: Offshore Technology Conference OTC, 2934, 435–438#.[10] BERNER, U., FABER, E., SCHEEDER, G., and PANTEN, D., 1995, Primary cracking of algal and landplant kerogens: kinetic models of isotope variations in methane, ethane, and propane: Chemical Geology, 126, 233–245#.[11] BILHAM, R., LODI, S., HOUGH, S., BUKHARY, S., MURTAZA KHAN, A., and RAFEEQI, S.F.A., 2007, Seismic hazard in Karachi, Pakistan: uncertain past, uncertain future: Seismological Research Letters, 78(6), 601–613#.[12] BROWN, K.M., 1990, The nature and hydrologic significance of mud diapirs and diatremes for accretionary systems: Journal of Geophysical Research, 95 (B6), 8969–8982#.[13] CHUNG, H.M., GORMLY, J.R., and SQUIRES, R.M., 1988, Origin of gaseous hydrocarbons in subsurface environments: theoretical considerations of carbon isotope distribution, Chemical Geology, 71, 97-103#. [14] CRITELLI, S., DE ROSA, R., and PLATT, J.P., 1990, Sandstone detrital modes in the Makran accretionary wedge, southwest Pakistan: implications for tectonic setting and long-distance turbidite transportation: Sedimentary Geology, 68, 241-260#.[15] DAI, J.X., WU, X.Q., NI, Y.Y., WANG, Z.C., ZHAO, C.Y., WANG, Z.Y., and LIU, G.X., 2012, Geochemical characteristics of natural gas from mud volcanoes in the southern Junggar Basin: Science China Earth Sciences, 55, 355-367#.[16] DELISLE, G., VON RAD, U., ANDRULEIT, H., VON DANIELS, C.H., TABREZ, A.R., and INAM, A., 2002, Active mud volcanoes on- and offshore eastern Makran, Pakistan: International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 93–110#.[17] DES MARAIS, D.J., STALLARD, M.L., NEHRING, N.L., and TRUESDELL, A.H., 1988, Carbon isotope geochemistry of hydrocarbons in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Baja California Norte, Mexico: In: M. Schoell (Guest-Editor), Origins of Methane in the Earth, Chemical Geology, 71, 159-167#.[18] DES MARAIS, D.J., DONCHIN, J.H., NEHRING, N.L., and TRUESDELL, A.H., 1981, Molecular carbon isotopic evidence of geothermal hydrocarbons, Nature, 292, 826-828#. [19] DEVILLE, E., GUERLAIS, S.H., CALLEC, Y., GRIBOULARD, R., HUYGHE, P., LALLEMANT, S., MASCLE, A., NOBLE, M., and SCHMITZ, J., 2006, Liquefied vs stratified sediment mobilization processes: insight from the South of the Barbados accretionary prism: Tectonophysics, 428, 33-47#[20] DIMITROV, L.I., 2002, Mud volcanoes: the most important pathway for degassing deeply buried sediments: Earth Science Reviews, 59, 49-76#.[21] DOLATI, A., 2010, Stratigraphy, structural geology and low-temperature thermochronology across the Makran accretionary wedge in Iran, PhD Thesis, geological institute of Swiss Fedral institute of technology, 309#. [22] ETIOPE, G., FEYZULLAYEV, A., and BACIU, C.L., 2009a, Terrestrial methane seeps and mud volcanoes: a global perspective of gas origin: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 333-344#[23] ETIOPE, G., FEYZULLAYEV, A., MILKOV, A.V., WASEDA, A., MIZOBE, K., and SUN, C.H., 2009b, Evidence of subsurface anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons and potential secondary methanogenesis in terrestrial mud volcanoes: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1692-1703#.[24] FOWLER, S.R., WHITE, R.S., and LOUDEN, K.E., 1985, Sediment dewatering in the Makran accretionary prism: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 75, 427–438#.[25] GALIMOV, E.M., 1988, Sources and mechanisms of formation of gaseous hydrocarbons in sedimentary rocks: In: mM. Schoell (Guest-Editor), Origins of Methane in the Earth, Chemical Geology, 71, 77-95#. [26] GULIEV, I.S., HUSEYNOV, D.A., and FEIZULLAEV, A.A., 2004, Fluids of Mud Volcanoes in the Southern Caspian Sedimentary Basin: Geochemistry and Sources in Light of New Data on the Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Isotopic Compositions: Geochemistry International, 42, 688–695#.[27] HARMS, J.C., CAPPEL, H.N., and FRANCIS, D.C., 1984, The Makran coast of Pakistan: its stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential: In: Haq, B.U. and Milliman, J.D., (eds), Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arabian Sea and Coastal Pakistan, Van Nostrand Reinhold New York, 3–26#.[28] HOSSEINI-BARZAI, M., and TALBOT, C.J., 2003, A tectonic pulse in the Makran accretionary prism recorded in Iranian coastal sediments: Journal Geology Society London, 160, 903-910#.[29] HUNT, J.M., 1996, Petroleum geochemistry and geology: 2nd Edition: Freeman, W.H., San Francisco, California, 743# .[30] Jenden, P.D., Kaplan, I.R., 1988, Origin of natural gas in the Sacramento Basin, American Association of Petroleum Geologist Bulletin, 72#[31] JONES, V.T., and DROZD, R.J., 1983, Predictions of oil and gas potential by near-surface geochemistry: AAPG Bulletin, 67, 932-952#.[32] JUDD, A., 2005, Gas emissions from mud volcanoes, Mud Volcanoes, Geodynamics and Seismicity, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Mud Volcanism, Geodynamics and Seismicity, Baku, Azerbaijan, 20-22, 147-157#.[33] KASSI, A.M., KHAN, S.D., BAYRAKTAR, H., and KASI, A.K., 2013, Newly discovered mud volcanoes in the Coastal Belt of Makran, Pakistan—tectonic implications: Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 7, 4899–4909#.[34] KOPF, A., 2002, Significance of mud volcanism: Reviews of Geophysics, 40(2), 2.1–2.52#.[35] KOPF, A., Klaeschen, D., and Mascle, J., 2001, Extreme efficiency of mud volcanism in dewatering accretionary prisms: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 189, 295-313#.[36] KOPP, C., FRUEHN, J., FLUEH, E.R., REICHET, C., KUKOWSKI, N., BIALAS, J., and KLAESCHEN, D., 2000, Structure of the Makran subduction zone from wideangle and reflection seismic data: Tectonophysics, 329, 171–191#.[37] KOTARBA, M.J., and RICE, D.D., 2001, Composition and origin of coalbed gases in the Lower Silesian basin, southwest Poland: Applied Geochemistry, 16, 895-910#.[38] KREULEN, R., and SCHUILING, R.D., 1982, N2-CH4-CO2 fluids during formation of the Dôme de 1ʾ Agout, France: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46, 193-203#.[39] LINK, W.K., 1952, Significance of oil and gas seeps in world oil exploration: AAPG Bulletin, 36, 1505-1540#. [40] MATTHEWS, M.D., 1996, Migration: a view from the top: In: Schumacher, D., Abrams, M.A. (Eds.), Hydrocarbon Migration and its Near-surface Expression, AAPG Memoir. AAPG, Tulsa, 66, 139-155#.[41] MCCOLLOM, TH.M., and SEEWALD, J.S., 2007, Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal environments: Chemical Review, 107, 382−401#.[42] MILKOV, A.V., 2000, Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates: Marine Geology, 167, 29-42#.[43] NEGARESH, H., 2008, Mud volcanoes in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Makran Coast, SE Iran: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 54, 1-7#. [44] NEGARESH, H., and KHOSRAVI, M., 2008, The geomorphic and morphometric characteristics of Napag mud volcano in the south eastern of Iran: Journal of Humanities the University of Isfahan, 30(2), 51-68#. [45] PALLASSER, R.J., 2000, Recognising biodegradation in gas/oil accumulations through the δ13C compositions of gas components: Organic Geochemistry, 31, 1363-1373#. [46] PLATT, J.P., LEGGETT, J.K., YOUNG, J., RAZA, H., and ALAM, S., 1985, Large scale underplating in the Makran accretionary prism, southwest Pakistan: Geology, 13, 507-511#.[47] PRINZHOFER, A., and PERNATON, E., 1997, Isotopically light methane in natural gases: bacterial imprint or diffusive fractionation?: Chemical Geology, 142, 193–200#.[48] RAY, J.S., KUMAR, A., SUDHEER, A.K., DESHPANDE, R.D., RAO, D.K., PATIL, D.J., AWASTHI, N., BHUTANI, R., BHUSHAN, R., and DAYAL, A.M., 2013, Origin of gases and water in mud volcanoes of Andaman accretionary prism: implications for fluid migration in forearcs: Journal of Chemical Geology, 347, 102–113#.[49] RICE, D.D., and CLAYPOOL, G.E., 1981, Generation, accumulation and resource potential of biogenic gas: AAPG Bulletin, 65 (1), 5–25#.[50] SCHLÜTER, H.U., PREXL, A., GAEDICKE, CH., ROESER, H., REICHERT, CH., MEYER, H., and VON DANIELS, C., 2002, The Makran accretionary wedge: sediment thicknesses and ages and the origin of mud volcanoes: Marine Geology, 3087, 1–14#.[51] SCHOELL, M., 1980, The hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of methane from natural gases of various origins: Geochimica et Cosmochiica Acta, 44, 649-661#. [52] SCHOELL, M., 1983, Genetic characterization of natural gases: American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin, 67, 2225-2238#.[53] SCHOELL, M., 1988, Multiple origins of methane in the Earth: Chemical Geology, 71, 1-10#. [54] SHERWOOD LOLLAR, B., LACRAMPE-COULOUME, G., SLATER, G.F., WARD, J., MOSER, D.P., GIHRING, T.M., LIN, L.H., and ONSTOTT, T.C., 2006, Unravelling abiogenic and biogenic sources of methane in the Earth’s deep subsurface: Chemical Geology, 226, 328–339#. [55] SKINNER, J.A., and MAZZINI, A., 2009, Martian mud volcanism: terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1866-1878#.[56] STAHL, W., 1977, Carbon and nitrogen isotopes in hydrocarbon research and exploration: Chemistry Geology, 20, 121-149#. [57] TISSOT, B.P., and WELTE, D.H., 1978, Petroleum formation and occurrence: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, 699#.[58] WASEDA, A., and IWANO, H., 2008, Characterization of natural gases in Japan based on molecular and carbon isotope compositions: Geofluids, 8, 286–292#.[59] WHITICAR, M.J., 1999, Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane: Chemical Geology, 161, 291-314#.[60] YAZDI, A., 2013, Potentials of Iran’s geotourism and structure of mud volcanoes: Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 3(1s), 350-358#.[61] ZOPOROWSKI, A., and MILLER, S.A., 2009, Modelling eruption cycles and decay of mud volcanoes: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1879-1887#.